Mangalia | 
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Town in SE extremity of Romania (Constanta county), situated on the Black Sea coast, elevation 0-10 m, 44 km S of the municipality of Constanta, S of the parallel of 44 N, on the same latitude as the Freanch resort of Nice; population 43,374 (July 1, 1991). Railway terminus. Mangalia, whose current name derives from Byzantine Greek (Pangalia or Pancalia - "the most beautiful" - mentioned in the 12th century on a map from Pisa), is the southernmost resort on the Romanian coast of the Black Sea, built on the place where in Antiquity there was the flourishing Greek city of Callatis (founded in the 6th c. B.C. by Greek colonists from Heraklion). Moderate maritime littoral climate (annual average temperature 11.2°C) with hot summers (July average over 22°C) and mild winters (January average 0.2°C), Mangalia being the country's second place, after Baile Herculane, with positive average temperatures in wintertime). Spring comes early but is cool and autumn is long and warm. In summertime, the nebulosity is reduced (about 25 sunny days in a month) and the duration of sunshine is of 10-12 hours a day. Low precipitation (about 400 mm annualy). The sea breeze is stronger in summer. The natural cure factors are the water of the Black Sea, which is chlorided, sulphated, sodic, magnesian, hypotonic (mineralization 15.5g), the sulphurous, chlorided, bicarbonated, sodic, calcic, mesothermal (21-28°C) mineral waters of the springs in the northern part of the town, in the area of the beach between Saturn and Venus, the sulphurous peat mud, rich in minerals, which is extracted from the peat bog north of the town (exploitation is estimated to last for 250 years) and the marine climate, rich in saline aerosols and solar radiation that have a bracing effect on the organism. The resort has a large, fine-sand beach developed for purposes of aeroheliotherapy and wave therapy, as well as high seawalls with a specific microclimate where one may benefit from inhalations of saline aerosols having therapeutic effects. The resort is good both for healthy holidaymakers and for ailing people who can take cures for degenerative, inflammatory and abarticular rheumatic diseases (cervical, dorsal and lumbar spondylosis, arthrosis and polyarthrosis; pain in the joints after acute artic ular rheumatism or specific infections, ankylosing spon dylosis, psoriatic arthropathy, biologically stabilized the umatoid polyarthritis; tendonits, tendomyositis, tendoperiostosis, scapulohumeral periarthritis), peripheral and central neurological disorders (post-traumatic paralyses or pareses of the limbs, polyneuropathies after the acute stage, sequels after poliomyelitis), gynecological disorders (ovarian insufficiency, chronic cervicitis, chronic metrosalpingitis), certain dermatological diseases (according to medical advice), respiratory (allergic asthma, tracheobronchitis, chronic bronchitis), cardiovascular (incipient varices, sequels after phlebitis, etc.), endocrinological (benign hypothyroidism, pubertal hypoovarianism, ovarian sterility), otolaryngological diseases (chronic rhinopharyngitis, chronic laryngitis, nasosinusal allergy), etc. The resort has two modern treatment bases - one at the Mangalia health hotel (over 500 places in two- bed rooms) which is equipped with its own treatment facilities (four pools for sulphurous-water kinetotherapy, an electrotherapy section, two hydrotherapy sections, a pneumotherapy section, medical gyms and massage parlours, geriatrics cabinets, tests and functional explorations laboratories, acupuncture cabinets, pools with heated seawater, etc.), and the other at the Balneal Sanatorium for medical recovery, an institution boasting many medical sections with fine equipment and a treatment capacity of about 500 persons daily.
Tourist attractions: the Scythian tomb
discovered in 1959 where archaeologists unearthed fragments of a
papyrus in Greek, the first document of this kind in Romania; the
incineration tombs (the necropolis of the Callatis citadel,
dating back to the 4th-2nd centuries B.C.); the ruins of the Callatis citadel (6th century B.C.); the Turkish mosque (16th
century); the Archaeology Museum which shelters a rich collection
of amphorae and sculptures from the Hellenistic epoch, fragments
of stone sarcophagi, etc. Near the town there is main purebred
Arabian stud farm. Many recreation and amusement facilities
(discos, cinema halls, libraries, spotsgrounds, bowling, pleasure
trips by ship on the Black Sea, etc.).
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